Clock pulse generator / binary counter

Clock pulse generator / binary counter This digital circuit (CD 4060) allows to produce a stable square signal of high frequency by means of a quartz and very few secondary components. Its counter function (divide by 2 counter) allows to find one frequencies suited for the clocks of the CCD.
Pin Assignments for CD4060 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q6 Q5 Q7 Q4 Ground clk2 clk 1 clk reset Q9 Q8 Q10 +Vcc		Components List Resistor : R1 = 10 MΩ Capacitors : C1, C2 = 4.7 pF Quartz : X1 = 12 MHz digital circuit : CD 4060 Power supply VCC : 5 to 18 V
Output Qi delivers a frequency equal to the quartz frequency divided by 2 at the power i (ex: Q5 gives Freq / 32)

Stepper Motor

Stepper Motor Data

program shows the basic operation of the stepper motors

This program shows the basic operation of the unipolar and
bipolar stepper motors. In addition there are demos of a translator
, oscillator and indexer.http://www.wimb.net/index.php?s=delphi&page=6

Basic theory of Stepping Motors
Stepping motors are electromagnetic, rotary, incremental devices
which convert digital pulses into mechanical rotation. The amount
of rotation is directly proportional to the number of pulses and the
speed of rotation is relative to the frequency of those pulses.

Static or holding torque - displacement characteristic
The characteristic of static (holding) torque - displacement is best
explained using an electro-magnet and a single pole rotor . In
the example the electro-magnet represents the motor stator and is
energized with it's north pole facing the rotorhttp://www.sapiensman.com/step_motor/

Stepper Motors: Principles of Operation


Permanent Magnet stepper motors incorporate a permanent magnet
rotor, coil windings and magnetically conductive stators. Energizing
a coil winding creates an electromagnetic field with a north and south
pole .